Machine à œufs 4000-7000 pièces/h
| Modèle | SL-4*8, SL-5*8, et SL-6*8 |
| Capacité | 4000-7000 pièces/h |
| Consommation d'eau | 640-960kg/h |
| Consommation de pulpe | 320-480kg/h |
| Garantie | 12 mois |
| Marque | Machinerie Shuliy |
Vous pouvez maintenant demander des détails techniques à nos chefs de projet.
Shuliy offers large egg carton machines in three models: SL-4*8, SL-5*8, et SL-6*8. Their capacity ranges from 4,000 to 7,000 pcs/hr. Customers can choose based on actual production needs and factory conditions. For machines above 10,000 pcs/hr, we also offer custom solutions.

This 4,000–7,000 pcs/hr large egg carton machine is designed for medium to large egg carton factories. It is a fully automatic pulp molding machine that combines high efficiency, stable operation, and large-scale production. The series uses an 8-face rotary molding structure to produce standard pulp egg cartons continuously and reliably. It is widely used in egg packaging, logistics, and export packaging.
Shuliy is committed to providing these egg carton machines worldwide. Whether you are new to pulp egg carton production or looking to upgrade your equipment, we can offer tailored solutions, help design your factory layout, and plan your production process.
Is a Large Egg Carton Machine the Same as an Egg Tray Machine?
The terms egg carton machine and egg tray machine are sometimes used interchangeably in the pulp molding industry, but the final product depends on the mold design.
A large pulp molding machine can be configured for different egg packaging formats, including traditional egg trays and carton-style packaging.
The main difference is the mold structure and final product design, rather than simply the machine name.
Therefore, when requesting a quotation, buyers should provide the required egg carton or egg tray type instead of selecting a machine based only on the product name.
This allows the manufacturer to confirm the suitable mold, forming capacity, and supporting equipment.


Modèles de grandes machines à cartons d'œufs
Type 1 : SL-4*8
Le SL-4*8 has 8 rotary faces and 1 conveyor face. Each rotary face has 4 forming molds. All four molds shape wet pulp trays at the same time, producing 32 egg cartons per full rotation.

Spécifications techniques
| Article | Spécification |
|---|---|
| Modèle | SL-4*8 |
| Capacité | 4000–5000 pièces/h |
| Puissance | 95 kW |
| Tension | 380V, 50Hz |
| Poids | 7000 kg |
| Taille (Machine de moulage) | 3250 × 2300 × 2500 mm |
| Consommation de papier | 320 kg/h |
| Consommation d’eau | 640 kg/h |
| Méthode de séchage | Séchage au four à briques ou séchoir multicouche |
Type 2 : SL-5*8
Le SL-5*8 has 8 rotary faces and 1 conveyor face. Each rotary face has 5 forming molds. All five molds shape wet pulp trays at the same time, producing 40 egg cartons per full rotation.

Spécifications techniques
| Article | Spécification |
|---|---|
| Modèle | SL-5*8 |
| Capacité | 5000–6000 pièces/h |
| Puissance | 95 kW |
| Tension | 380V, 50Hz |
| Poids | 8 000 kg |
| Taille (Machine de moulage) | 3700 × 2300 × 2500 mm |
| Consommation de papier | 400 kg/h |
| Consommation d’eau | 800 kg/h |
| Méthode de séchage | Séchage au four à briques ou séchoir multicouche |
Type 3 : SL-6*8
Le SL-6*8 has 8 rotary faces and 1 conveyor face. Each rotary face has 6 forming molds. All six molds shape wet pulp trays at the same time, producing 48 egg cartons per full rotation.

Spécifications techniques
| Article | Spécification |
|---|---|
| Modèle | SL-6*8 |
| Capacité | 6000–7000 pièces/h |
| Puissance | 120 kW |
| Tension | 380V, 50Hz |
| Poids | 10 000 kg |
| Taille (Machine de moulage) | 3200 × 2300 × 2500 mm |
| Consommation de papier | 480 kg/h |
| Consommation d’eau | 960 kg/h |
| Méthode de séchage | Séchage au four à briques ou séchoir multicouche |
Comparaison des trois modèles
| Modèle | Capacité (pcs/h) | Puissance (kW) | Consommation de pulpe (kg/h) | Consommation d'eau (kg/h) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SL-4×8 | 4 000–5 000 | 95 | 320 | 640 |
| SL-5×8 | 5 000–6 000 | 95 | 400 | 800 |
| SL-6×8 | 6 000–7 000 | 120 | 480 | 960 |
Which Large Egg Carton Machine Should You Choose?
The right large egg carton machine depends on your target production capacity, available factory space, raw material supply, and expected working hours. Shuliy offers three 8-side rotary models with capacities from 4,000 to 7,000 pcs/h.
Le SL-4×8 is suitable for businesses targeting 4,000–5,000 egg cartons per hour. The SL-5×8 increases production to 5,000–6,000 pcs/h, while the SL-6×8 is designed for larger factories requiring 6,000–7,000 pcs/h.
| Target Capacity | Modèle Recommandé | Main Application |
|---|---|---|
| 4,000–5,000 pcs/h | SL-4×8 | Medium-scale commercial production |
| 5,000–6,000 pcs/h | SL-5×8 | Growing egg carton factories |
| 6,000–7,000 pcs/h | SL-6×8 | Production commerciale à grande échelle |
When selecting a model, buyers should also consider the capacity of the pulping system and drying system. The complete production line should be configured to match the forming machine rather than selecting the forming capacity alone.

Principaux avantages
Stable Medium-to-High Capacity
- SL-4×8 : 4 000–5 000 pièces/h
- SL-5×8 : 5 000–6 000 pièces/h
- SL-6×8 : 6 000–7 000 pièces/h
Répond aux besoins de production de moyenne à grande échelle pour les usines de cartons d'œufs, en équilibrant efficacité et stabilité.
Higher Output Efficiency
- SL-4×8 : 95 kW
- SL-5×8 : 95 kW
- SL-6×8 : 120 kW
Augmentation de la production de 20 à 40 % tandis que la croissance de la puissance reste raisonnable. Faible consommation d'énergie par unité, rentable.
High-Strength Steel Frame
La machine principale utilise une structure en acier soudé de haute résistance avec résistance à la fatigue et à la corrosion. Convient pour une production continue à long terme, garantissant un fonctionnement stable et des coûts d'entretien faibles.
Compact Structure, High Space Utilization
- SL-4×8 : 3250×2300×2500 mm
- SL-5×8 : 3700×2300×2500 mm
- SL-6×8 : 3200×2300×2500 mm
Offre une haute production dans un espace d'usine limité avec une disposition flexible.
Efficient Multi-Face Rotary Molding
La structure de moulage rotatif à 8 faces permet la succion de pulpe, la formation et le déshydratation en continu. Augmente l'efficacité de production, réduit la main-d'œuvre, et assure une épaisseur de paroi uniforme et une taille cohérente des cartons d'œufs.
Flexible Drying Options
Les cartons d'œufs formés peuvent utiliser un séchage au four à briques, des séchoirs multicouches ou des chambres de séchage. Configurable en fonction des conditions énergétiques locales et du budget d'investissement.

Points forts des grandes machines à œufs
- La machine est en acier au carbone épais, offrant une grande résistance, stabilité, une excellente capacité de charge, et une fiabilité à long terme.
- Les moules en aluminium standard sont légers, chauffent rapidement et sèchent efficacement. Les moules en acier inoxydable ou en plastique peuvent également être personnalisés selon les besoins de production.
- Les surfaces des moules peuvent avoir un revêtement en Teflon haute température anti-adhésif pour réduire l'adhérence, améliorer le dé-moulage, et assurer une qualité constante du produit.
- Système de transmission en acier à haute résistance avec roulements résistants à l'usure garantissant un fonctionnement fluide et peu d'entretien, adapté à une production continue longue durée.
- Les pipelines hydrauliques en acier inoxydable et les valves en cuivre offrent une excellente résistance à la corrosion pour une performance hydraulique stable à long terme.
- Un coffret de contrôle en acier inoxydable étanche à l'eau et à la poussière garantit la sécurité électrique et la fiabilité dans des environnements industriels difficiles.
- Le design de moulage rotatif à 8 faces permet une opération continue sans arrêts fréquents, améliorant considérablement l'efficacité de production.
- Peut s'intégrer parfaitement avec des systèmes automatiques de séchage et de empilage pour une ligne de production d'œufs entièrement automatisée.
- Matériaux durables de qualité industrielle pour plus de 10 ans d'utilisation continue et stable avec un entretien approprié.

Comment fabriquer des cartons d'œufs ?
Large egg carton machines use waste paper, cardboard, old books and newspapers, paper mill pulp, bamboo pulp, or wood pulp as raw materials. The pulp is processed into a uniform slurry. The slurry is vacuum-formed on molds to quickly shape wet egg carton blanks. The wet blanks are then automatically demolded and sent to a drying line or air-drying area, producing strong, uniform egg cartons. The machine runs continuously and stably, suitable for 24-hour uninterrupted production.

What Products Can a Large Egg Carton Machine Produce?
With different molds, a large pulp molding machine can be configured to produce different molded-pulp packaging products. The exact product range depends on the forming machine and mold design.
Possible applications include:
- Plateaux à œufs
- Egg cartons
- Fruit trays
- Apple trays
- Seedling trays
- Cup carriers
- Other molded-pulp packaging products
For egg packaging, different mold configurations can also be designed for different egg quantities and carton shapes.
If you plan to produce products other than standard egg trays, provide the product dimensions, number of cavities, and product drawings or samples. The mold and machine configuration can then be evaluated before ordering.


What Equipment Is Needed for a Complete Large Egg Carton Production Line?
A large egg carton production line normally includes four main sections: pulp preparation, egg carton forming, drying, and packaging. For a 4,000–7,000 pcs/h production line, each section should be matched with the capacity of the selected forming machine.

| Production Section | Main Equipment | Fonction |
|---|---|---|
| Pulp Preparation | Hydraulic pulper, pulp refiner, agitator | Turn waste paper into uniform pulp |
| Pulp Supply | Pulp pump, storage tank, screening equipment | Store, filter, and supply pulp |
| Formation | Large egg carton machine | Vacuum-form wet egg cartons |
| Séchage | Brick kiln dryer or multi-layer dryer | Remove moisture from wet cartons |
| Stacking | Automatic stacking system | Arrange finished cartons |
| Emballage | Machine d'emballage | Compress and package finished products |
A complete line can be configured according to the required capacity, available factory space, local energy costs, and level of automation.
For customers who already have some equipment, the production line can also be configured around the existing machinery to avoid unnecessary investment.
Request a complete egg carton production line proposal based on your target capacity and factory conditions.
Process Flow

Préparation des matières premières
Choisissez des matériaux écologiques tels que le papier recyclé et le carton. Éliminez les impuretés pour assurer un traitement stable de la pulpe à 320–480 kg/h (SL-4×8–SL-6×8).
Pulpage
Trempez et battez les matériaux en pulpe uniforme. Cela garantit un moulage fluide et fournit une boue stable pour produire de 4 000 à 7 000 cartons d'œufs par heure.


Formation
La structure rotative à 8 faces aspire, déshydrate et dé-moule la pulpe. Elle garantit une épaisseur de paroi cohérente et une taille uniforme, permettant une production continue à haute efficacité.
Séchage
Éliminez l'humidité à l'aide de fours à briques ou de séchoirs multicouches. Les cartons d'œufs deviennent solides et empilables, traitant 640–960 kg d'eau par heure.


Inspection and Packaging
Vérifiez les dimensions et la qualité des moules, puis empilez et emballez soigneusement les cartons pour assurer un transport sécurisé et une livraison efficace.
Which Drying Method Is Suitable for a Large Egg Carton Production Line?
Drying is an important part of a large egg carton production line because the forming machine continuously produces wet cartons. The drying system must have enough capacity to process the output from the forming machine.
Shuliy provides different drying options, including sun drying, brick kiln drying, and multi-layer drying.
| Méthode de séchage | Suitable Situation | Main Consideration |
|---|---|---|
| Séchage au soleil | Low investment and suitable climate | Requires large drying area and more labor |
| Brick Kiln Drying | Commercial production with available space | Suitable for continuous production |
| Multi-Layer Dryer | Large-scale and automated production | Higher investment but saves floor space |
For 4,000–7,000 pcs/h production, a mechanical drying system is generally more suitable when stable year-round production and higher automation are required. The final dryer configuration should be selected according to local fuel availability, climate, factory space, and investment budget.
For reference, the 8-side production line information on this site gives multi-layer dryer dimensions of about 27.5 × 6 × 3.6 m for SL-4×8 and SL-5×8, and about 33.5 × 6 × 3.6 m for SL-6×8. Actual layouts can be adjusted according to the factory and equipment configuration.


How Much Factory Space Does a Large Egg Carton Production Line Need?
The required factory space depends on the forming machine, drying method, raw material storage, and finished-product storage. The forming machine itself occupies much less space than the complete production line, so buyers should plan the factory based on the entire process.
The factory normally needs space for:
- Waste paper and cardboard storage
- Préparation de la pulpe
- Egg carton forming
- Séchage
- Finished-product stacking
- Emballage
- Finished-product storage
- Equipment maintenance and operation
For example, a multi-layer dryer requires considerably less floor area than a long brick drying line, while sun drying requires a much larger open drying area.
Before purchasing a large egg carton machine, buyers can provide the factory length, width, and height. Shuliy can use this information to recommend an equipment layout and suitable drying solution.
Send us your factory dimensions to get a proposed egg carton production line layout.

How Much Does a Large Egg Carton Machine Cost?
The price of a large egg carton machine varies according to the production capacity, machine model, mold configuration, automation level, and supporting equipment.
For the 4,000–7,000 pcs/h production range, the main factors affecting the total investment include:
| Cost Factor | What Affects the Cost? |
|---|---|
| Forming Machine | Model and production capacity |
| Moules | Product type, size, and mold material |
| Système de pulpage | Raw material and required pulp capacity |
| Système de séchage | Dryer type, capacity, and fuel |
| Packaging System | Manual or automatic packaging |
| Système électrique | Voltage and local electrical requirements |
| Factory Layout | Workshop size and equipment arrangement |
| Shipping | Destination and transportation method |
The price of the forming machine should therefore not be considered separately from the rest of the production line. A buyer who needs a complete commercial production line should calculate the cost of the forming, pulping, drying, stacking, and packaging systems together.
For an accurate quotation, provide your target capacity, egg carton specification, raw material, voltage, and destination.
Get a quotation for a 4,000–7,000 pcs/h large egg carton production line.

Quels sont les coûts d'utilisation d'une grande machine à œufs ?
The production cost of egg cartons depends mainly on raw material, electricity, drying fuel, labor, water, maintenance, and packaging.
Among these costs, waste paper and drying energy can have a significant impact on the final cost per carton. Local prices should therefore be used when calculating the actual production cost for a specific project.
A basic calculation is:
Production cost per carton = Total production cost ÷ Actual number of cartons produced
The main cost items include:
| Élément de coût | Main Influencing Factor |
|---|---|
| Papier usagé | Local waste paper price and carton weight |
| Électricité | Machine power and operating hours |
| Carburant de séchage | Fuel type, moisture content, and dryer efficiency |
| Main-d'œuvre | Production automation and local wages |
| Eau | Pulp preparation and water recycling |
| Maintenance | Wear parts and operating conditions |
| Emballage | Packing method and packaging materials |
The cost examples shown below are reference figures rather than fixed production costs. Actual costs vary by country, energy prices, raw material prices, labor rates, and operating conditions.
| Élément de coût | Description | Coût unitaire par plateau (RMB) |
| Matière première | 1 tonne de papier usagé peut produire 12 000 à 15 000 plateaux (basé sur le poids du plateau). Basé sur 80g par plateau : 1 000 000g ÷ 80g = 12 500 plateaux Prix du papier usagé : ¥1500/tonne → 1500 ÷ 12 500 = ¥0,12 par plateau | ¥0,12 |
| Main-d'œuvre | Séchage au soleil : 6 travailleurs ; séchage par machine : 4 travailleurs. En Chine, Le travail est souvent calculé à la pièce : environ ¥0,02 par plateau. | ¥0,02 |
| Électricité | Varie en fonction de la capacité et de la consommation d'énergie. Une production plus élevée signifie un coût par plateau plus bas. | ¥0,02 |
| Carburant de séchage | Charbon (5000 kcal/kg) Bois (4000 kcal/kg) Gaz naturel (8900 kcal/m³) Diesel (11 900 kcal/litre) | ¥0,03/pièce ¥0,03/pièce ¥0,06/pièce ¥0,08/pièce |
| Pigment (optionnel) | ¥12/kg de pigment ; 1 kg peut produire environ 3000–4000 plateaux | Environ ¥0.003–0.004 |
1 $ (USD) = 7,2 ¥ (RMB)
Large Egg Carton Machine vs. 4-Side Egg Tray Machine
The main difference between 4-side and 8-side egg tray machines is production capacity and the scale of the production line.
| Fonctionnalité | 4-Side Machine | 8-Side Large Machine |
|---|---|---|
| Production Scale | Small to medium | Medium to large |
| Typical Capacity | Lower capacity range | 4,000–7,000 pcs/h |
| Initial Investment | Inférieur | Plus élevé |
| Production Volume | Suitable for growing businesses | Suitable for large commercial production |
| Drying Requirement | Inférieur | Plus élevé |
| Factory Planning | Relatively simple | Requires more complete line planning |
A 4-side machine can be considered when the target output is lower or the initial investment needs to be controlled. An 8-side machine is designed for buyers who need higher continuous production.
The final choice should be based on target sales volume, raw material availability, factory conditions, and production budget, rather than capacity alone.

Les moules pour cartons d'œufs peuvent-ils être personnalisés ?
Oui, Shuliy supporte la personnalisation des cartons d'œufs, y compris l'impression de votre logo d'entreprise ou la création de formes uniques. Nous fournissons d'abord des dessins de conception pour approbation, puis produisons les moules.
- Taille et spécifications : Les moules peuvent être personnalisés pour la capacité du carton d'œufs (par exemple, 6, 10, 12 œufs), l'espacement des œufs, l'épaisseur du plateau, et plus encore.
- Formes spéciales : Des moules pour œufs irréguliers ou spécifiques comme les œufs de canard ou d'oie peuvent être fabriqués.
- Options de matériaux : Les moules en alliage d'aluminium, en plastique ou en acier inoxydable peuvent être choisis en fonction du volume de production, de la durabilité et des besoins de dé-moulage.





Une machine à cartons d'œufs peut-elle utiliser différents moules ?
- Conception standard : Les grandes machines à œufs de la série SL utilisent une structure modulaire de moules pour une installation et un retrait rapides.
- Tailles multiples : En changeant de moules, la machine peut produire différentes tailles de cartons, telles que 6, 10, 12 œufs, ou des dimensions personnalisées.
- Options de matériaux : Les moules sont généralement en alliage d'aluminium, en plastique ou en acier inoxydable, choisis en fonction du volume de production, de la durabilité et des besoins de dé-moulage.

Notes pour moules personnalisés
- Fournissez à l'avance les dimensions des cartons, la quantité de plateaux, et les exigences d'épaisseur.
- Les matériaux de moule varient en résistance à l'usure et en durée de vie ; choisissez en fonction du volume de production et du procédé de séchage.
- Les moules personnalisés nécessitent une période de production mais offrent une utilisation à long terme et un rendement stable.
What Information Do You Need Before Buying a Large Egg Carton Machine?
Before requesting a quotation, prepare the following information:
- Target production capacity – such as 4,000, 5,000, or 7,000 pcs/h.
- Product type – egg tray, egg carton, fruit tray, or other molded-pulp products.
- Product specification – egg quantity, dimensions, and mold requirements.
- Matière première – waste paper, cardboard, or other pulp materials.
- Working hours – daily operating hours and expected production days.
- Factory dimensions – length, width, and height.
- Local power supply – voltage and frequency.
- Available fuel – coal, wood, natural gas, diesel, or other energy sources.
- Drying preference – sun drying, brick kiln drying, or multi-layer drying.
- Destination country – used to determine shipping and electrical configuration.
Providing this information allows the manufacturer to recommend a suitable machine model and configure the complete production line more accurately.
Pourquoi choisir Shuliy ?
- Haute capacité : Les machines à plateaux d'œufs de la série SL produisent de 4 000 à 7 000 pièces/h, idéales pour des usines de taille moyenne à grande. De plus, nous pouvons également produire des plateaux de formes spéciales, tels que Machines de moulage de plateaux à chaussures, Machine de moulage de plateaux de fruitss, Machines de moulage de plateaux d'emballage électronique, et cMachine de moulage de plateaux à cafés, etc.
- Stable et durable : Cadre en acier au carbone épais et matériaux de qualité industrielle garantissent plus de 10 ans de fonctionnement continu.
- Moules flexibles : Prend en charge le remplacement ou la personnalisation des moules en différentes tailles et matériaux pour répondre aux divers besoins du marché.
- Conception efficace : Le moulage rotatif à huit faces permet la succion continue de la pulpe, la formation, la déshydratation et le dé-moulage.
- Efficace en énergie : Production équilibrée et puissance, faible consommation d'énergie par carton, avec contrôle de l'utilisation de la pulpe et de l'eau.
- Compatible avec les systèmes de séchage : Fonctionne avec des fours à briques ou des séchoirs multicouches pour des lignes de production entièrement automatisées.
- Certifications internationales : Certifié ISO 9001, CE, SGS, et TUV, garantissant la qualité et la sécurité à l'exportation.

FAQ
How Many Workers Are Needed to Operate a Large Egg Carton Production Line?
A complete large egg carton production line generally requires about 3–5 workers per shift, depending on the automation level and line configuration. Workers are mainly responsible for raw material handling, pulp preparation, machine operation, drying, stacking, and packaging. A higher level of automation can reduce manual labor requirements.
What Needs to Be Prepared Before the Large Egg Carton Machine Arrives?
Before installation, buyers should prepare a suitable workshop, stable power supply, water supply, raw material storage area, finished-product storage area, and the required fuel or energy source for the dryer. The factory should also have enough space for equipment installation, operation, maintenance, and material handling. The manufacturer can provide equipment layout and installation requirements in advance.
How Long Does It Take to Install and Start a Large Egg Carton Production Line?
The installation time depends on the size and configuration of the production line, especially the pulping and drying systems. After the equipment arrives, installation is followed by commissioning and trial production. The actual schedule also depends on whether the customer has completed the workshop, foundation, electrical connections, and other preparations before delivery.
What Is Included in the Quotation for a Large Egg Carton Production Line?
The quotation depends on the equipment configuration requested by the customer. A complete quotation can include the pulping system, large egg carton forming machine, molds, drying system, stacking equipment, and packing equipment. Auxiliary equipment, spare parts, installation, shipping, and other services can be specified separately in the quotation so that the buyer can clearly understand the total project cost.
What Is Not Included in the Large Egg Carton Machine Price?
The machine price does not necessarily represent the total cost of establishing an egg carton factory. Depending on the project, buyers may also need to budget for shipping, customs duties, factory construction or renovation, electrical installation, dryer fuel facilities, foundation work, labor, and raw materials. The exact inclusions and exclusions should be confirmed in the final quotation.
Can the Production Line Be Customized to Fit an Existing Factory?
Yes. The production line layout can be adjusted according to the customer’s available workshop dimensions and production requirements. The arrangement of the pulping, forming, drying, stacking, and packing sections can be planned to make better use of the available space. Buyers can provide the factory length, width, and height for layout planning before purchasing.
Can the Large Egg Carton Production Line Be Expanded to a Higher Capacity Later?
Expansion depends on the original equipment configuration and the target capacity. If future production growth is expected, the pulping system, drying system, workshop layout, and supporting utilities can be considered during the initial planning stage. Reserving sufficient space and matching auxiliary equipment can make future expansion easier.
Can a Large Egg Carton Production Line Run With a Generator?
Yes, a generator can be used where the local power supply is unstable or unavailable, but its capacity must match the electrical requirements of the production line. The forming machine, pulping equipment, pumps, fans, and other electrical equipment should be considered when calculating the required generator capacity. The dryer may use a separate fuel or heating system depending on its configuration.
Which Parts of a Large Egg Carton Machine Need Regular Replacement?
Wear parts depend on the machine configuration and operating conditions. Common parts that may require inspection or replacement over time include bearings, belts, sealing components, valves, pump components, and other mechanical or electrical parts. Regular cleaning, lubrication, inspection, and timely replacement of worn components can help maintain stable production.
What Information Should I Provide to Get an Accurate Egg Carton Machine Quotation?
To prepare a suitable quotation, buyers should provide their target production capacity, egg carton or tray specification, raw material, expected working hours, factory dimensions, local voltage and frequency, available dryer fuel, and destination country. If possible, product samples, drawings, or photos can also be provided. Based on this information, the manufacturer can recommend the machine model, dryer, auxiliary equipment, and overall production line configuration.